لأسماء الاشارة في الانجليزية 19 استعمالا مختلفا! في هذا الموضوع سأقدم شرحا وافيا لكل استعمال مرفقا كل حالة بمثال


1. Identification
Things: This is my room
People: There he is
That's him (Not "he*)

2. Introductions
This is Mrs. Peter
This is Tom Smith, and this is Jane Mills
This is Mr. and Mrs. Peter. (i.e. one unit)

3. Telephoning
This is Tom here. Is that you, Maria?

4. This = 'here'
In this school/firm/house we like punctuality.

5. Pointing' to people, etc.
This boy wants tea and that one wants milk.
These boys are in class 1 and those are in 2.
Take this home and give these to Caroline

6. Demonstrating (with gestures)
He went that way.
Do it like this/that.

7. Forward and backward reference
(Only this can be used for forward reference)
This is how you do it. Press this button...
(Compare backward reference)
He was very late This/That delayed us.
(These and those are never used, even if more than one event is referred to)
I broke my leg and my sister's house burnt down - When did this/that happen?

8. Story-telling, narration (informal)
(This sometimes replaces a/an to make a story sound more amusing or interesting and to show that the narrator will explain more)
There was this Frenchman who went to a cricket match.

9. Time references
I'll see you this afternoon.
These days life is hard for old people.
I was born in 1935. In those days there was no TV. At that time my father was a miner.

10. Comparisons
$500? It cost a lot more than that!
(In formal use, that of and those of sometimes replace a noun with of)
The area of the USA is larger than that of Brazil.
Tom's essays are better than those of the other boys.

11. Contrast
This is my car and that is John's.

12. Clarification
Is this the man you saw, the one here?
I didn't mean that Tom, but the one next door.
("that is" is often used to clarify)
I'll arrive on the 2nd, that is, on Friday.

13. 'This'/'that + 'wh-/'how' clauses
You're late. That's why we're waiting.
Sue lent me $ 5. This/That is how I got home.

14. 'Derogatory' reference with 'that'
It's that man again (let's avoid him)

15. 'That' in advertisements, etc.
(That is sometimes used colloquially to point to common 'shared' knowledge)
Elisabeth prevents that sinking feeling.

16. 'This' and that' with kind' and 'sort'
I like this/that kind (or sort) of person/bicycle.

17. 'These' and 'those' with kinds'/sorts'
I enjoy these/those kinds (or sorts) of films.
(However, in everyday speech we often hear)
I enjoy these/those kind (or sort) of films.
(We cannot use these/those after of in, e.g.
I enjoy films of this/that kind (or sort)

18. 'This' and 'that' to indicate 'degree'
Very informally this and that can be used like so as intensifies
It's about this/that big (+ gesture)
Does it really cost this/that much?
I can't walk this/that far! Let's get a taxi!

19. Some expressions with 'this' and 'that'
We discussed this, that and the other
What's all this'' (= What's going on?)
I know you're tired and all that, but...
That's that! We've finished.

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